Microwaves and RF

In this article, we’ll take a look the physical layer characteristics of the hottest wireless standards and explain how higher data rates are achieved. More specifically, we’ll look at how features such as more spatial streams, carrier aggregation, and higher-order modulation schemes directly correspond to higher data throughput. Finally, we’ll look at how evolutions in the physical layer for each standard create new test challenges for today’s RF engineer....More

One of the more common measurements made with an RF/microwave spectrum analyzer is determination of third-order-intercept (TOI) point for a device under test (DUT), which is often an amplifier. TOI point is a parameter used to evaluate the linearity of components that are utilized in applications where nonlinear effects can cause distortion—for example, in digitally modulated signals. This measurement can be challenging, as uncertainties vary significantly based on the spectrum analyzer’s settings....More

Think plumbing when you think of microwaves. At least that is the way it used to be. Lots of waveguides and metal structures with cavities. And tubes. Today much of that plumbing is still around for some applications. Now it is less plumbing and more ......More